A new discovery has rewritten the timeline of Egypt’s early dynasties, placing the rise of the New Kingdom nearly a century later than previously thought.
The New Kingdom, which lasted from 1550 to 1070 BCE, was Egypt’s peak of power, wealth, and territorial expansion, the era of famous rulers like Tutankhamun.
It began with the 18th Dynasty, founded by Pharaoh Ahmose I, who reunited Egypt and expelled the Hyksos invaders, restoring central authority after a period of fragmentation.
Now, scientists have confirmed that the massive Santorini (Thera) volcanic eruption occurred before the reign of Ahmose, meaning the 18th Dynasty, and the New Kingdom itself rose later than previously believed.
Until now, historians had often assumed the eruption might have coincided with the early New Kingdom, and some researchers even tried to link it to specific pharaohs, including Hatshepsut, Thutmose III or Ahmose I.
The breakthrough comes from radiocarbon dating of Egyptian artifacts from the 17th and early 18th Dynasties.
Researchers examined a mudbrick stamped with Ahmose’s name, a linen burial cloth, and wooden funerary figures called shabtis, all of which were directly tied to known pharaohs and their temples.
Because these objects are anchored to specific historical contexts, their ages provide a reliable snapshot of the period. The study shows that the eruption predates these artifacts, reshaping how historians understand the rise of Egypt’s most powerful period.
The Santorini volcano, located about 75 miles north of Crete, is surrounded by the small islands of Thera, Therasia, and Aspronisi.
Over time, it has produced many large, explosive eruptions, but the most famous occurred during the Late Minoan IA period, around 1600 to 1480 BC.
This eruption buried the town of Akrotiri on southern Thera under thick layers of volcanic ash.
Fine ash was carried by winds and fell as far away as eastern Crete, demonstrating the eruption’s enormous regional impact.
Traditionally, the Thera eruption has been linked to Egypt’s 18th Dynasty, with scholars using it as a rough marker for dating early New Kingdom events.
However, the new radiocarbon analysis showed the eruption actually occurred earlier, during the Second Intermediate Period, a time before Egypt had fully reunited under Ahmose.
This means that previous assumptions tying the eruption directly to the early New Kingdom were incorrect.
‘This study provides the first direct radiocarbon comparison between the Thera eruption and Egyptian artifacts from this transitional period,’ said the researchers from Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and the University of Groningen.
‘It allows us to anchor one of the most dramatic natural events in the eastern Mediterranean to Egypt’s own historical timeline for the first time.’
The findings carry broader implications for our understanding of the ancient world.
By showing that the eruption happened earlier than previously thought, historians and archaeologists can now reassess cultural and trade interactions between Egypt, Crete, and other Mediterranean regions.
This includes everything from the movement of goods and ideas to migrations prompted by natural disasters.
The research also demonstrated the power of modern science to reshape what we know about ancient history.
Even civilizations studied for thousands of years, like Ancient Egypt, can have their timelines refined through new techniques and careful analysis.
The results support the “low chronology” model, which positions the start of the 18th Dynasty a bit later than previously thought.
As lead author Hendrik J. Bruins put it, “Our findings indicate that the Second Intermediate Period lasted considerably longer than traditional assessments, and the New Kingdom started later.”
Although the adjustment is modest in years, it carries major historical significance.
Ahmose’s reunification of Egypt marks a critical turning point, and moving its date reshapes how scholars understand the political and cultural transformation that ushered in Egypt’s New Kingdom.
